NTOI23

References for presentation to Nutritional Therapists of Ireland
1st April 2023

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(Please note that references to my blogs have many additional academic references on that page).

Please also note that the nutrition data site is down at the time of writing this. Try putting the URL in https://archive.org/web/

Slide 4
The Panel on Macronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients): The National Academies Press, 2005. (Quotation comes from p275)

Slide 5
Zoë Harcombe blog. July 2020: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2020/07/animal-vs-plant-protein/

Slide 6
Gordon Wardlaw, Smith. A. Contemporary Nutrition. Seventh edition ed: McGraw Hill; 2009 10 February 2008.
Dehghan et al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2017.

Slide 11
Sirloin steak: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/7493/0
Eggs: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/dairy-and-egg-products/111/2
Mackerel: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/finfish-and-shellfish-products/4072/2
Lard: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fats-and-oils/483/0
Almonds: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3086/2
Olive oil: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fats-and-oils/509/2
1% fat milk: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/dairy-and-egg-products/74/2
Pork chop: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/pork-products/10298/0

Slides 12-17
Steak: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/7493/0
Harcombe et al. Food for Thought: Have We Been Giving the Wrong Dietary Advice? Food and Nutrition Sciences 2013.

Slide 18
Pyramid of evidence from Burns, P. B., Rohrich, R. J., and Chung, K. C. (2011) The Levels of Evidence and their role in Evidence-Based Medicine. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Vol.128(1), pp.305-310.
Earliest use of MA credited to Glass, G. V. (1976) Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research. Educational Researcher. Vol.5(10), pp.3-8.

Slide 21
Start with the US Nutritional Evidence Library – which was used to inform the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. No section on red meat – only animal protein.
Zoë Harcombe blog. September 2018: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2018/09/red-meat-the-evidence/

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Zoë Harcombe blog. September 2018: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2018/09/red-meat-the-evidence/

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Zoë Harcombe blog. April 2018: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2018/04/red-meat-cancer/
https://publications.iarc.fr/564

Slide 24
Bradbury et al. Diet and colorectal cancer in UK Biobank: a prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 2019.
Zoë Harcombe blog. April 2019: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2019/04/red-meat-and-bowel-cancer/

Slide 27
Tanner TH. The Practice of Medicine. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston. 1869.
Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA). Diet and cardiovascular disease: Report of the panel on diet in relation to cardiovascular disease. 1984.

Slide 28
Harcombe et al. Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart 2015.

Slide 30
Rose GA et al. Corn Oil in Treatment of Ischaemic Heart Disease. BMJ. 1965.
Research Committee. Low-fat diet in myocardial infarction: A controlled trial. The Lancet. 1965.
Medical Research Council. Controlled trial of soya-bean oil in myocardial infarction: Report of a research committee to the Medical Research Council. The Lancet. 1968.
Dayton et al. A Controlled Clinical Trial of a Diet High in Unsaturated Fat in Preventing Complications of Atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1969.
Leren et al. The Oslo Diet-Heart Study. Circulation. 1970.
Woodhill et al. Low fat, low cholesterol diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 1978.

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Harcombe Z, Baker J. Plant Sterols lower cholesterol, but increase risk for Coronary Heart Disease. Online J. Biol. Sci. 2014.

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Harcombe et al. Evidence from prospective cohort studies did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2016.

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Harcombe et al. Evidence from randomised controlled trials does not support current dietary fat guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2016.

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Harcombe et al. Evidence from prospective cohort studies does not support current dietary fat guidelines: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2016.

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Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: summary of evidence from prospective cohort and randomised controlled trials. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2009.
Siri-Tarino et al. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2010.
Hooper et al. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2011.
Chowdhury et al. Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids With Coronary Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2014.
Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Dietary fatty acids in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. BMJ Open 2014.
Hooper et al. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015.
Harcombe Z. Dietary fat guidelines have no evidence base: where next for public health nutritional advice? Br J Sports Med. 2016.

Slide 38
Houtsmuller et al. Unsaturated fats and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Doc. Ophthalmol. 1979.
Moy et al. Dietary Counseling for High Blood Cholesterol in Families at Risk of Coronary Disease. Prev. Cardiol. 2001.
Ley et al. Long-term effects of a reduced fat diet intervention on cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with glucose intolerance. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2004.
Black et al. Effect of a Low-Fat Diet on the Incidence of Actinic Keratosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 1994.

Slide 39
Zoë Harcombe blog. December 2012: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2020/12/the-impact-of-a-10-limit-on-saturated-fat/

Slides 40-41
Zoë Harcombe blog. https://www.zoeharcombe.com/the-knowledge/we-have-got-cholesterol-completely-wrong/
EH Mangiapane, AM Salter, Diet, Lipoproteins and Coronary Heart Disease: A Biochemical Perspective, Nottingham University Press, (1999)
Zoë Harcombe blog. April 2019: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2019/04/keys-cholesterol-and-rabbits/
Image from: https://basicmedicalkey.com/lipids-lipoproteins-and-cardiovascular-disease/
Proportions of components of lipoproteins vary see…
Zoë Harcombe blog. December 2018: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2018/12/lowering-ldl/

Slides 42-45
Zoë Harcombe blog. November 2010: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2010/11/cholesterol-heart-disease-there-is-a-relationship-but-its-not-what-you-think/

Slide 50
Ravnskov et al. The LDL Paradox: Higher LDL-Cholesterol is Associated with Greater Longevity of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Annals of Epidemiology & Public Health. 2020.

Slide 51
Harcombe et al. Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2015.

Slide 52
Harcombe et al. Evidence from randomised controlled trials does not support current dietary fat guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2016.

Slides 53-55
Allender et al. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics: British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group. 2008.
Zoë Harcombe blog. May 2019: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2019/05/the-relationships-between-heart-disease-cholesterol-dietary-fat-in-europe/
Zoë Harcombe blog. March 2015: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2015/03/saturated-fat-chd-in-europe/

Slide 57
Liver: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/poultry-products/666/0
Sardines: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/finfish-and-shellfish-products/4114/2
Sunflower Seeds: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3076/0
Whole wheat flour: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5744/2
Brown rice: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5706/2
Oats: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/breakfast-cereals/1597/2

Slide 59
Cocoa: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/sweets/5471/2

Slide 60
The Panel on Macronutrients. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients): The National Academies Press, 2005. (Quotation comes from p275)

Slide 61
Carter J.P. Eating in America; Dietary Goals for the United States; Report of the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs US Senate. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press 1977.
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In: Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), ed., 2000.
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In: Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), ed., 2005.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015 – 2020 The Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition. (p97).
Clemens et al. Filling America’s Fiber Intake Gap: Summary of a Roundtable to Probe Realistic Solutions with a Focus on Grain-Based Foods. The Journal of Nutrition. 2012.
UK recommendations: NHS guidelines (https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/digestive-health/how-to-get-more-fibre-into-your-diet/) and Public Health England (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/618167/government_dietary_recommendations.pdf).

Reynolds et al. Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The Lancet. 2019.

If you would like to know more about the Seventh Day Adventist influence on dietary guidelines, over many decades, check out the work of Belinda Fettke. e.g. here 

Slide 62
Burr ML et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). The Lancet .1989.

Slide 63
Hartley et al. Dietary fibre for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016.
Kelly et al. Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017.
Priebe et al. Whole grain foods for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008.

Slide 64
Maggi et al. Dietary fiber and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2018.
Zoë Harcombe blog. October 2018: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2018/10/fiber-an-umbrella-review/

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Zoë Harcombe blog. September 2016: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2016/09/the-bradford-hill-criteria/
Zoë Harcombe blog. January 2019: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2019/01/why-do-studies-conclude-that-fiber-is-associated-with-better-health/
Yang was key in the Maggi/Veronese umbrella review: Maggi et al. Dietary fiber and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2018.
Yang et al. Association between dietary fiber and lower risk of all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2015.
Xu was key in Reynolds. Reynolds et al. Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The Lancet. 2019.
Xu et al. Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality: Prospective Analysis of 367,442 Individuals. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016.

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Zoë Harcombe blog. January 2019: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2019/01/why-do-studies-conclude-that-fiber-is-associated-with-better-health/

Slide 67
Claimed mechanisms come from the Umbrella review: Maggi et al. Dietary fiber and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2018…
and from: Aune et al. Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 2016.
Testing psyllium fiber: North et al. The effects of dietary fibre on C-reactive protein, an inflammation marker predicting cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009.
A study that tested fiber per se for recurrent colorectal adenomas (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10770980/).
Harcombe Z, Baker J. Plant Sterols lower cholesterol, but increase risk for Coronary Heart Disease. Online J. Biol. Sci. 2014.

Slide 68
Alexis et al. The Maternal Infant Microbiome: Considerations for Labor and Birth. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2017.
Rautava et al. Microbial contact during pregnancy, intestinal colonization and human disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012.
J Tomlin et al. Investigation of normal flatus production in healthy volunteers. BMJ Gut. 1991.
Valdes et al. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ. 2018.
Tim Spector son experiment: (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/11603430/My-dad-made-me-eat-McDonalds-for-10-days.-This-is-what-happened.html)
Ho et al. Stopping or reducing dietary fiber intake reduces constipation and its associated symptoms. World J Gastroenterol 2012.

Slide 69
Paolo Boffetta et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and overall cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Journal of the National Cancer Institute. April 2010.
Foerster et al. California’s “5 a Day—for Better Health!” Campaign: An Innovative Population-Based Effort to Effect Large-Scale Dietary Change. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1995.
Alavanja. Pesticides Use and Exposure Extensive Worldwide. Rev Environ Health. 2009.
Zoë Harcombe blog. March 2012: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2012/03/five-a-day-the-truth/
Zoë Harcombe blog. March 2021: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2021/03/the-evidence-behind-five-a-day/

Slide 70
Oyebode et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality: analysis of Health Survey for England data. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2014.

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https://www.indi.ie/news/1039-new-food-pyramid-launched-by-dept-of-health.html
https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/healthwellbeing/our-priority-programmes/heal/healthy-eating-guidelines/
http://health.gov.ie/blog/press-release/minister-corcoran-kennedy-launches-healthy-food-for-life-new-healthy-eating-guidelines-and-food-pyramid/

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https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/healthwellbeing/our-priority-programmes/heal/food-pyramid-images/daily-meal-plan-a4-siobhan-age-30.pdf

Slide 74
https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx

Slide 75
Eric Jequier. Pathways to Obesity. International Journal of Obesity. 2002.

Slide 76
Willett et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. The Lancet. 2019.
Zoë Harcombe blog. January 2019: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2019/01/the-eat-lancet-diet-is-nutritionally-deficient/
Zoë Harcombe blog. March 2019: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2019/03/letter-to-the-lancet-re-eat/
Beal et al. Estimated micronutrient shortfalls of the EAT–Lancet planetary health diet. Lancet Planet Health 2003.

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FReSH https://eatforum.org/initiatives/fresh

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Harcombe Z. Designed by the food industry for wealth, not health: the ‘Eatwell Guide’. Br J Sports Med. 2016.
http://web.archive.org/web/20160406152912/https://www.nutrition.org.uk/aboutbnf/supporters/memberorganisations.html
Zoë Harcombe blog. March 2016: https://www.zoeharcombe.com/2016/03/eatwell-guide-conflicts-of-interest

Slide 84
Liver: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/poultry-products/666/0
Steak: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/7493/0
Sardines: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/finfish-and-shellfish-products/4114/2
Broccoli: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2356/0
Apple: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1809/2
Brown rice: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5706/2
Lentils: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4337/0

Slide 85
Cocoa Powder: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/sweets/5471/2

Full presentations if you want more on any topic:
Fibre/fiber: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRQ2ciJ1ncQ
Dietary fat: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lntwufwQwoQ
Calories: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaPJMuTNLXI