SwissRe

Slide 3

Centres for disease control and prevention, National Centre for Health Statistics, United States, (2006), Figure 13, Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus06.pdf (p39)

This is the most recent report, but obesity data only go back to 1988 (p21) https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus16.pdf

Slide 4

Michael Wadsworth, Diana Kuh, Marcus Richards, Hardy. R. Cohort Profile: The 1946 National Birth Cohort (MRC National Survey of Health and Development). Int J Epidemiol 2006.

Slide 5

Carter J.P. Eating in America; Dietary Goals for the United States; Report of the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs US Senate. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press 1977.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agriculture USDA. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Washington: U.S. Government printing office; 1980.

National Advisory Committee on Nutritional Education (NACNE). A discussion paper on proposals for nutritional guidelines for health education in Britain. 1983.

Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA). Diet and cardiovascular disease: Report of the panel on diet in relation to cardiovascular disease. 1984.

Slide 6

Tanner TH. The Practice of Medicine. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston; 1869.

Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA). Diet and cardiovascular disease: Report of the panel on diet in relation to cardiovascular disease. 1984.

Slide 8

Gordon Wardlaw, Smith. A. Contemporary Nutrition. Seventh edition ed: McGraw Hill; 2009 10 February 2008.

Dehghan M, Mente A, Zhang X, Swaminathan S, Li W, Mohan V, et al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2017.

Slide 9

Carter J.P. Eating in America; Dietary Goals for the United States; Report of the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs US Senate. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press 1977.

Slide 11

National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2010: With Special Feature on Death and Dying. Table 26. Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, by sex, race,and Hispanic origin: United States, selected years 1950-2007. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2011.

Anitschkow N. Über die Veränderungen der Kaninchenaorta bei experimenteller Cholesterinsteatose. Beitr Pathol Anat 1913.

Knack AV. Uber cholesterinsklerose. Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 1915.

Slide 12

Keys A, Anderson JT. The relationship of the diet to the development of atherosclerosis in man. In: National Research Council DoMS, ed. Symposium on atherosclerosis. Washington, 1954.

“Cholesterol occurs only in foods of animal origin” (p.79): Keys A, Mickelsen O, Miller EvO, Chapman CB. The Relation in Man between Cholesterol Levels in the Diet and in the Blood. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1950.

Slide 13

Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries I. The study program and objectives. Circulation 1970.

Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries Summary. Circulation 1970.

Menotti A, Keys A, Kromhout D, et al. Inter-cohort differences in coronary heart disease mortality in the 25-year follow-up of the seven countries study. European journal of epidemiology 1993.

Slide 14

Burns PB, Rohrich RJ, Chung KC. The Levels of Evidence and their role in Evidence-Based Medicine. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2011.

The earliest use of the term meta-analysis is credited to Gene Glass: Glass GV. Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research. Educational Researcher 1976.

Slide 15

Harcombe Z, Baker J, Davies B. Evidence from prospective cohort studies does not support current dietary fat guidelines: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2016.

Harcombe Z, Baker JS, Davies B. Evidence from prospective cohort studies did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2016.

Harcombe Z, Baker JS, DiNicolantonio JJ, Grace F, Davies B. Evidence from randomised controlled trials does not support current dietary fat guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2016.

Harcombe Z, Baker JS, Cooper SM, Davies B, Sculthorpe N, DiNicolantonio JJ, et al. Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2015.

Slide 16

Rose GA, Thomson WB, Williams RT. Corn Oil in Treatment of Ischaemic Heart Disease. BMJ 1965.

Research Committee. Low-fat diet in myocardial infarction: A controlled trial. The Lancet 1965.

Medical Research Council. Controlled trial of soya-bean oil in myocardial infarction: Report of a research committee to the Medical Research Council. The Lancet 1968.

Dayton S, Pearce ML, Hashomoto S, Dixon WJ, Tomiyasu U. A Controlled Clinical Trial of a Diet High in Unsaturated Fat in Preventing Complications of Atherosclerosis. Circulation 1969.

Leren P. The Oslo Diet-Heart Study. Circulation 1970.

Woodhill JM, Palmer AJ, Leelarthaepin B, McGilchrist C, Blacket RB. Low fat, low cholesterol diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 1978.

Harcombe Z, Baker J. Plant Sterols lower cholesterol, but increase risk for Coronary Heart Disease. Online J Biol Sci. 2014.

Slide 18

Harcombe Z, Baker JS, Davies B. Evidence from prospective cohort studies did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2016.

Paul O, Lepper MH, Phelan WH, et al. A Longitudinal Study of Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation 1963.

Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries I. The study program and objectives. Circulation 1970.

Morris JN, Marr JW, Clayton DG. Diet and heart: a postscript. BMJ 1977.

Gordon T, Kagan A, Garcia-Palmieri M, et al. Diet and its relation to coronary heart disease and death in three populations. Circulation 1981.

Slide 20

Harcombe Z. Dietary fat guidelines have no evidence base: where next for public health nutritional advice? Br J Sports Med. 2016.

Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: summary of evidence from prospective cohort and randomised controlled trials. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2009.

Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2010

Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Thompson R, et al. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2011.

Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, et al. Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids With Coronary Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2014.

Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Dietary fatty acids in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. BMJ Open 2014.

Hooper L, Martin N, Abdelhamid A, Davey Smith G. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015.

Slide 21

(Fig. 3-4, p.26) Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In: Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), ed., 2010.

Slide 22

The British Dietetic Association Food Fact sheet (https://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/Want2LoseWeight.pdf)

Slide 23

Lulu Hunt Peters, Diet and Health (with key to the calories), published by Chicago The Reilly and Lee Company, (1918).

Slide 24

National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). Obesity: the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children. Clinical Guideline 43; 2006.

Slide 25

Francis G. Benedict, Human Vitality and efficiency under prolonged restricted diet, (study 1917, published 1919).

Ancel Keys, The Biology of Human Starvation, (study 1944-45, report 1950).

Stunkard A. and M. McLaren-Hume, “The results of treatment for obesity: a review of the literature and report of a series”, Archives of Internal Medicine, (1959).

Marion J. Franz, Jeffrey J. VanWormer, A. Lauren Crain, Jackie L. Boucher, Trina Histon, William Caplan, Jill Bowman, Nicolas Pronk. “Weight Loss Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Weight Loss Clinical Trials with a Minimum 1-Year Follow-Up”, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, (2007).

Slides 26 – 28

Slides 30-32

Liver: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/poultry-products/666/0

Steak: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/7493/0

Sardines: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/finfish-and-shellfish-products/4114/2

Broccoli: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2356/0

Apple: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1809/2

Brown rice: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/cereal-grains-and-pasta/5706/2

Lentils: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4337/0

Cocoa Powder: http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/sweets/5471/2

Slide 34

PepsiCo Annual report. (2016)

United Nations GDP per country (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal))

Slide 37

Harcombe Z. Designed by the food industry for wealth, not health: the ‘Eatwell Guide’. Br J Sports Med. 2016.

Slide 38

Benedict FG, Harris JA. A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man. Washington, DC: The Carnegie Institution of Washington; 1919.

Gordon Wardlaw, Smith. A. Contemporary Nutrition. Seventh edition ed: McGraw Hill; 2009 10 February 2008. Table extract below…

Slide 39

Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. Dietary goals for the United States. First ed. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., February 1977.

Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. Dietary goals for the United States. Second ed. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., December 1977.

The postcard

Use the total fat & saturated fat slide to make the following points (these are in grams per 100g of raw food):

Oily fish (good) has twice the total fat and 1.5 times the saturated fat of sirloin steak. Yet we are told to eat oily fish & avoid red meat in the name of fat and saturated fat.
Olive oil has 7 times the saturated fat of steak. We wouldn’t eat 100g of olive oil I hear you say. No, but 1 tablespoon of olive oil can have more sat fat than a 100g pork chop.
The only food group, which has more saturated than unsaturated fat (not that sat fat is bad, but just to set the record straight) is dairy products. Hence – on the chart below, only the low fat milk has more saturated than unsaturated fat. Red meat, fish, nuts, seeds, eggs – even lard! – all have more unsaturated than saturated fat (not that sat fat is bad remember!)
When you know what is in food, our dietary advice is ignorant.